HIS 135 Entire Course Essay

In this archive file of HIS 135 Entire Course you will find the next documents:HIS-135-Assignment-Cold-War-Ideology-and-Policies. docHIS-135-Assignment-The-Vietnam-War. docHIS-135-Capstone-CheckPoint-End-of-the-Cold-War. docHIS-135-CheckPoint-Comparing-KennedyG History – General History ASHFORD HIS 204 American History Since 1865 If dragging yourself out of bed at 6:00 am is impossible, don’t torture yourself with 7:00 am classes. Most schools offer classes in a wide range of time slots. Take advantage of the classes later in the day and in the evening if you aren’t a morning person. You will be more likely to go and will get more out of the course. In this archive file of HIS 135 Entire Course you will find the next documents:HIS-135-Assignment-Cold-War-Ideology-and-Policies. docHIS-135-Assignment-The-Vietnam-War. docHIS-135-Capstone-CheckPoint-End-of-the-Cold-War. docHIS-135-CheckPoint-Comparing-KennedyG History – General History ASHFORD HIS 204 American History Since 1865 If dragging yourself out of bed at 6:00 am is impossible, don’t torture yourself with 7:00 am classes. Most schools offer classes in a wide range of time slots. Take advantage of the classes later in the day and in the evening if you aren’t a morning person. You will be more likely to go and will get more out of the course. In this archive file of HIS 135 Entire Course you will find the next documents:HIS-135-Assignment-Cold-War-Ideology-and-Policies. docHIS-135-Assignment-The-Vietnam-War. docHIS-135-Capstone-CheckPoint-End-of-the-Cold-War. docHIS-135-CheckPoint-Comparing-KennedyG History – General History ASHFORD HIS 204 American History Since 1865 If dragging yourself out of bed at 6:00 am is impossible, don’t torture yourself with 7:00 am classes. Most schools offer classes in a wide range of time slots. Take advantage of the classes later in the day a†¦ Follow the link Now for full guide – https://bitly. com/1wySlYb If dragging yourself out of bed at 6:00 am is impossible, don’t torture yourself with 7:00 am classes. Most schools offer classes in a wide range of time slots. Take advantage of the classes later in the day and in the evening if you aren’t a morning person. You will be more likely to go and will get more out of the course. History – General History ASHFORD HIS 204 American History Since 1865.

Are we influenced by TV and film? Essay

Censorship of the media allows either the government or a governmentally appointed department the right to dictate to individuals what they are allowed to view. In a democratic society, personal freedom is of paramount importance and therefore we should have the right watch what ever we want. But, the most vulnerable in society, for example young children need to be protected, and consideration must be given to the feelings and sensitivities of minority groups, for example racially motivated violence or hatred. It is only though legislation that society is able to ensure that the vulnerable are protected. Censorship of television, film and videos allows our children to be shielded from unsuitable material, including bad language, sex and violence. All societies have some form of censorship or control over the media. Although there will always be differences of opinion on what is suitable or acceptable, the issue is who do we allow to control media output and how do they do this. Every film and TV programme that is going to be shown at the cinema or released on video or DVD must be classified by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC). The BBFC was formed in 1913 and they view each film prior to release and give it a certificate. They decide on a classification for each film depending upon the content in terms of language, sex, violence, morality, and horror. The government can also put restrictions on any broadcast that reveals information on their work that may jeopardise the security of the country, under the Official Secrets Act. They can also stop publication of anything that could raise racial conflict, under the Public Order Act, and can use the ‘D’ notice to contain any information that may not be in the public interest to divulge. Mary Whitehouse was a leading campaigner in the fight to censor violence on television. On the 5th May 1964, she said, ‘If violence is shown as normal on the television screen, it will help to create a violent society’, and believed that the unprecedented levels of social and criminal violence in western society was caused by the saturation of violent crime on television. In 1963 she launched a ‘Clean-Up TV Campaign’, and obtained half a million signatures on a petition, which she presented to the Governors of the BBC. This had little effect, so in 1965 she co-founded the National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association who attempted to pressurise the Broadcasting Authorities into improving public accountability on policies of taste and decency. The association also put pressure on governments to establish an Independent Broadcasting Council, but it was not until 1989 that the Broadcasting Standards Council was formed but because it was, and still is, an advisory body it had little impact on the standards of programmes.

Motivational Problem 3 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivational Problem 3 - Term Paper Example As a result productivity level has decreased significantly so much that upper management has noticed Johns inefficiency as a team leader. The above situation can be best understood by John S. Adams equity of motivation (Adams, 1965). Equity theory holds that "motivation is a function of fairness in social exchanges," (Kinicki and Kreitner 2009, p.174). The theory explains that people are made up of their beliefs and behaviors. Any perceived inconsistency in social interchange at the workplace affects their attitudes and perception towards the organization. This in turn affects their motivation level; they will be less productive and display less corporate citizenship behaviors (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2009). Johns group has developed a pervasive Asian culture of work without John being aware of it. With Jennys domineering personality, members have started to lean towards her for guidance because they consider John as an outsider of this group due to the differences in beliefs, attitudes and culture. They can relate to Jennys perception of unfairness because they belong to similar cultural backgrounds (Asians). Thus, they only engage in work when they know she is in-charge, which undermines Johns leadership within his own group. Adams explains that individual-organization exchange relationship is the key to exchange component in organizational productivity. Through inputs like skills, creativity, training, education, and experience, employees expect exchange outputs like bonuses, pay, and fringe benefits from the organization. Other outputs may not be tangible such as status symbols, recognition, and participation in decision making, job security, and job challenge. These are equally important (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2009; Adams, 1965). This explains Jennys behaviors. John and the managements insensitivity to her inputs have made her resent her superiors and in turn her relationship with the

Food insecurity and hunger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Food insecurity and hunger - Essay Example In other words over 43% of the population is living on less than $75 a month. These poverty figures are directly correlated with the rise of food insecurity across the world. Throughout the world there is a growing disparity between the rich and the poor. A majority of the global wealth is controlled by the private corporate world. Multinational corporations such as McDonald’s and Microsoft are worth billions of dollars. The accumulated wealth of the private sector surpasses the wealth held by the combined governments of the over 200 countries around the globe. Governmental institutions benefit from the efforts of the private sector by charging them taxes. Taxes are the primary source of income of most governments. Due to the corruption of governmental institutions in developing countries the financial resources of governmental institutions are not being effectively utilized to fight hunger. In countries such as Lybia which is in the middle of a civil war and is currently at w ar with the United States, the government is spending more on military expenses than in resources to fight hunger. In the United States the military spending is also astronomical. Hunger and food insecurity is not limited to developing nations. In the United States in 2005 approximately 37 million people were living with incomes that were lower than the federal poverty line (Rector & Johnson). The troubles of worldwide hunger and food insecurity have troubled governmental institutions due to the fact that for decades the initiatives associated with development aid, agricultural improvements, and market expansion failed to eradicate hunger. None of these solutions has been effective at battling hunger in the long term. A major issue associated with world hunger is that the prices of food items have been going up. There were major inflationary forces in the prices of food during 2007 and 2008. Food security occurs when all people have physical, social and economic forces sufficient fo od to meet their dietary needs. A factor that can turn a society instantly into a food insecurity condition is a natural event such as an earthquake. In Japan there are over 500,000 people that are homeless and living through condition of food insecurity. It is important for people in the develop world to donate when these types of events occur. The online giant Yahoo Corporation has been able to raise over $6 million in donations for the victim’s of Japan’s 9.0 magnitude earthquake. Three core elements associated with food insecurity are food availability, access to food, and food utilization. There are different reasons or motivators of why one government donates to another. The three key motivators are political, economic, and humanitarian. The United States contributes 60% of the global food aid. The US makes donation at times to improve its political relations with a particular country. The humanitarian efforts are spurred by the media, while the economic variable is a motivator because the country giving food will obtain some sort of economic remuneration for its food products. According to Barrett and Marwell (2005) food aid serves three purposes: a) short term solution when food availability is declining; b) long-term safety net; c) build assets among poor and food insecure groups when no other forms of aid are open. There are three kinds of food aids. The first option is for the government to give the food supplies to another

Joan Alexandra Molinsky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Joan Alexandra Molinsky - Essay Example In 1987, however, Rivers life began to spiral downward when her husband, Edgar Rosenberg, committed suicide. This event, combined with a declining career, was the onset of a deep depression for Rivers, as well as the beginnings of bulimia. Rivers states how a devastating loss affects hunger in two ways - erasing it or launch it to new heights. "For me the suicide inspired a gastronomic space program." she claims (Rivers, 1997, p.98). She describes the beginnings of a binge - overeating rich foods until she felt bloated and her clothes became too small - at which point she reached the solution of self-induced vomiting. Occasional purges soon evolved into weekly then twice a day rituals. Rivers timed her purges to happen roughly a half hour after a meal; she realized she must admit the problem to her therapist when she pulled over to vomit in a rest area bathroom. When she finally admitted her bulimia to her therapist Dr. Michael Greenstein, his observation reflects the general state of her life: out of control. Because of this, one of the few things she has been able to control is her bodily intake and output, which has manifested itself in the form of bulimia. Eating disorders are actually psychological disorders and can frequently be triggered by traumatizing events. The proper name of bulimia is Bulimia Nervosa (BN), which translates as "ox hunger", and refers specifically to a binge and purge cycle happening at least twice a week for at least six months. Purging methods include self-induced vomiting, or the abuse of laxatives, diuretics or enemas. Bulimics may also resort to fasting or exhibit obsessive compulsions to exercise. Sufferers often share similar personality traits: they tend towards perfectionism, while retaining a sense of low self-esteem despite their accomplishments. Depression is a frequent contributor to the disorder's development as well. Unfortunately, since the psychology of bulimia is often related to larger emotional issues, both the condition and the original problems complement and augment each other, resulting in a worsening of all symptoms (Eating Disorders, 2005). There are several Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment (CB) methods for BN: such as various behavior, psychodynamic, family, or experiential therapies, or a Twelve-Step program using the disorder as an addiction. CBT is a process by which the patient comes to recognizes the true psychological issues, learn more constructive coping mechanisms in relation to these, and then modify their behavior to return to more acceptable eating patterns while preventing relapses. Anti-depressants frequently help, as they curb the appetite while inhibiting the root depression; different anti-depressants seem to work equally well (Wilson and Pike, 2001). With Dr. Greenstein, Joan Rivers learned to identify her grief of her husband's suicide and was able to return to host a daytime talk show through the years 1989-1993 (Wikkipedia, 2006), the ending of which coincided with the death of her therapist and her returning to live in New York. Her depression was growing worse. The combination of her husband's los s, her talk show ending, a brief Broadway show collapsing and the failure of her jewelry venture

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Case Study

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka - Case Study Example They went to court based on the principle in the Fourteenth Amendment that offered equal protection to all American citizens (Patterson, 2002). In many prior instances, the court denied relief on the ground of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling. The case of Plessy v. Ferguson resulted in a ruling that offered for separation of whites and blacks in the public sphere while offering equal facilities and opportunities to all. In Brown v. Topeka, the plaintiffs argued against the principle of segregated and equal protection. They argued that the segregation of schools could never allow for any equality and reduced the protection due to one group of people. The legal issues in the case of Brown v. Board of Education were with regard to the rights of all people as provided for all people under the 14th Amendment. Another legal issue under the determination of the court was whether the principles of Plessy v. Ferguson are applicable to Brown v. Board of Education. The Fourteenth Amendment asserts that all persons are under the equal protection of the law (Sitkoff, 2008). This amendment effectively entails that, all persons in the United States regardless of color, race or creed, deserve equality of protection and privilege in all aspects of American public life. The intention of the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson was to legalize segregation in public transport. The issue of equality arises in that; provision of equality may be possible in public transport. In the realm of education, it would be hard to maintain equality since it is inevitable that skewed funding would occur against some of the segregated schools. Another aspect of the US Co nstitution is that it provided freedom of choice to any person to make use of any public facilities and institutions of their choice. The application of the rule in Plessy v.  Ferguson was erroneous in that it restricts access to any American to public facilities based on skin color (Miller, 2004).

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Leadership - Assignment Example I lead my ensuring that the people in my team are driven, motivated and satisfied. This would then help ensure that the task is completed on time. Considering the Leadership Grid by Blake and Mouton, I would say that my leadership styles is similar to that of a team manager. I scored 58% in task and 78% in people, this places me in the position highlighted below: My main concern always has been to ensure that the people in my group are happy and motivated. I collaborate with my friends and classmates when in a team. My first aim is to create cohesiveness in the group and then I move forward to define an action plan. Whenever I am made the leader of a group, I do not move towards the task at hand. I make sure the team members know each other and then we decide together the roles of each team member based on their area of expertise. I ensure that my team is satisfied with the task they are given so that they are comfortable and motivated towards the task. I believe that the team management style offers the most advantages. This is because it focuses more on the people. It is these people who are given the task of making the team successful. This style ensures motivated people who take ownership of the task given to them. The motivated people in the people enjoy working together and for the team. This then results in improved results and highly decreases the chances of team failure. Team members take responsibility of the team in their own ways. In this style, the conflicts are resolved in the open. It is inevitable that conflict will arise in a team but the team management style works on getting the conflict resolved through the participation of the team members. The people within the team feel valued and therefore are willing to resolve conflict together. This management style is particularly effective when the members in the group are skilled but need motivation. The team management style would be really suited for teams where

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Operation management - Essay Example A comparison of Toyota and IKEA has highlighted that different companies have different styles of working and operating the end results of these can have a different affects on the business. It is clear that although the companies have different styles of working and different approaches to almost every decision making in the company, the success levels of the two companies has been recognized and known world – wide. In terms of the strategy the two companies have been recognized to be very different as Toyota has relatively much lower options of products but IKEA on the other hand has many products hence the costs of the company is also relatively quite high. Considering the innovativeness of the companies, the two companies need to have equally high levels of innovativeness. The two companies have also concentrated on the quality levels which in turn leaves the two companies highly successful. The redesigned process flow chart helps ensure that the customers are satisfied and there is a complete level of an effective and efficient process rather than having a process which seems very confused. In conclusion it is safe to say that the continuous improvements like that suggested by all authors, the companies will be able to have much better, effective and efficient quality management programs in the workplaces. Quality is one of the most essential aspects of every business and the success of a b usiness is directly impacted by the quality of the processes, products and services. Hence it is essential for businesses to recognise and choose the right theory to be applied for the business or the right combination of the various theories that will benefit the

Theories of Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theories of Biology - Essay Example Washington, by getting a blood sample from a pregnant woman and a saliva specimen from the father, the genome of a fetus can be identified (Pollack, 2012). This new development will be very useful in detecting genetic diseases even before the baby is born. It was further found that gene mutations can be inherited from the parents. Aside from the theory of inheritance, there are other major theories of biology. A famous theory is Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). This theory explains why there are different species on earth and how these species have evolved. Another theory is the cell theory which â€Å"states that all organisms are composed of cells and that all cells come from preexisting cells† (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). Biological classification is another theory in biology which classifies living organisms according to their similarities and differences (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). The fifth major theory is bioenergetics which affirms that the energy that powers life is regulated by the same energy in the inanimate universe (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). The sixth theory explains that organisms can tolerate varying external conditions by maintaining stable conditions internally, known as homeostasis (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). The latest theo ry of biology is ecosystems. This theory acknowledges that organisms are part of a population which is part of a larger environment composed of other living and non-living things (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). Pollack, A. (2012, June 6). DNA blueprint for fetus built using tests of parents. Retrieved July 31, 2012, from The New York Times web site: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/health/tests-of-parents-are-used-to-map-genes-of-a-fetus.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all Pruitt, N. L., & Underwood, L. S. (2006). Chapter 1 - Biology: What is the study of life? In N. L. Pruitt, & L. S. Underwood, Bioinquiry: Making Connections in Biology (3rd ed) (pp. 1-18). Hoboken, NJ:

The Torturing of Animals Essay Example for Free

The Torturing of Animals Essay Every year there are hundreds of thousands of pets being abused and this must to come to an end. I myself love animals and I would never try to hurt my pets. People take advantage of animals and try to make money off of them by making them fight. In reality, this is a type of abuse and it is illegal. There are many different types of abuse that must be stopped. Although animal abuse occurs all over the world with all sorts of animals and people it can and must be put to a halt. People mostly do this because it is an easy way to release anger but there are ways or controlling that. People all over the world abuse animals not thinking about how badly they are torturing them. Every day you see a commercial on the TV about animal abuse and people think nothing of it and how badly we need to put a stop to it. There are many different ways that people can control their anger than by that. â€Å"Every day there are about three hundred animals are abused†. â€Å"It has been shown that people abuse animals to take their anger out on them† (National Humane Society) because of these reasons and it needs to stop. You can help by donating money to the humane society and help volunteer to save these animals. People may do this because of anger problems but also people can make money by making animals fight. Animal fighting is found all over the world. People do his because they can place bets and make money off of these fights. Usually they make good money off of these animal fights. These are mostly found in the more poor communities because they need to find a way to make money. They then start to rely on crime and dog fighting when they have no other income to rely on. The only problem with this is that they animals are usually killed of badly injured and usually discarded after fights. People would rather leave them instead of help because they don’t want to pay the money to help the dog recover so they just discard them into the streets and go on with there lives like nothing happened. There are other things that people can do to make money other than abusing animals. Animal fighting is cruel and is illegal. We can stop these animal fights by reporting them to the police and or donating money towards the helping of these hurt animals. There are People that host animal fights usually do it for money but also some do it so that they can make sure their animals are being good and behaved. Last but certainly not least is to control an animal. People may try to control animals by punishing them or hurting them. This is very wrong because they don’t deserve that. Many dogs just don’t realize what is going on most of the time because they haven’t been trained properly, instead people hit and abuse the dogs for doing something that they don’t even know is wrong. These types of people shouldn’t even have dogs in the first place if they abuse them like that. People have no heart when it comes to abusing animals. I love animals and I believe that people should be sent to jail for killing and abusing animals. Animals don’t deserve this cruel and unusual punishment therefore this needs to come to an end. I truly believe that there are alternatives to animal abuse and that it can be avoided. Just because people need some way of getting money, attention or even bring there anger out on doesn’t mean that it has to be on animals. People that might refute my position might say that these animals aren’t I need of help and they are perfectly capable of protecting themselves but I think that they aren’t. I believe that we need to help them and fight against this cruelty. â€Å"Raising awareness and raising money towards the end of animal abuse will help and eventually put a stop to animal abuse† (ASPEA organization). That is where we as human beings must come into play. We must be humane in every way possible to animals. â€Å"Animals can’t speak out but you can† (National Humane Society). I like animals and I treat them very well and with respect. I don’t abuse or hurt them in anyway and I believe that other people around the world should treat them the exact same way that I do.

Cutaneous Tuberculosis Disease: Challenges of Treatment

Cutaneous Tuberculosis Disease: Challenges of Treatment CHAPTER -1 CUTANEOUS TUBERCULOSIS INTRODUCTION: In this innovative world while progress in medicine has helped up to deal with many diseases Tuberculosis and Cutaneous Tuberculosis is still a challenge for doctors. A resurgence of Cutaneous Tuberculosis in areas of high HIV incidence, drug resistant present in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and in immunosupressed patients are the main challenges for clinicians. (6) Cutaneous TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinations and the Tuberculids whose pathogenesis is poorly understood. Cutaneous TB is very variable in its clinical presentation, significance prognosis. Factors which effect on variability are: The pathogenesity of the organism involved. The Previous treatment given. The Immune status of the patients which can be related to the presence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or Immunosuppressive therapy. The Port of infection. Any Local factors like, the recent Trauma, the lymphatic drainage, the vascularity of area and the proximity to lymph nodes). PREVALANCE: Thirty years ago it was assumed world wide that tuberculosis would be eradicated in the developed countries, as its incidence increased only on by average 6 % in the United States and 10% in Europe between the years 1953 and 1985. However, in 1983 tuberculosis was declared a global emergency by the world Health Organization because of a sharp increase in incidence. (9) Among infectious diseases, Tuberculosis is an important cause of death. Tuberculosis was responsible for 6% of deaths worldwide. Global prevalence of TB currently is greater than 32%. More than 50% of new patient occurrences were in 5 Asian countries, i.e. India (largest worldwide patient load), China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Pakistan(ref ?) The current global burden of Tuberculosis is mind boggling. In 1997, the incidence of new Tuberculosis patients approached 8 million in addition to more than 16 million patients already diagnosed. Around 2 million people died of Tuberculosis in 1997 with a global fatality rate of 23%, fatality rates exceed 50% in some African countries in which there is a high HIV incidence. Approximately 8% of tuberculosis patients are HIV infected. (2) Prevalence of tuberculosis infection in 1985, 1995 and 2005 (10) Prevalence of tuberculosis has increased between 1985 and 2005.According to the World Health Organization case reports statistics, in 1985 there were around 3 million patients of tuberculosis of all types with the highest no of cases in Asia and Africa. In Asia the highest numbers of cases were in India, Pakistan, China, Philippines, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Vietnam. In Africa the highest number of case were in Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa, Congo, Morocco and Tanzania. (10) During the last two decades the number of cases increased all over the world. In 1995 the total number of cases increased to 4.6 million and in 2005 to 7.5 million worldwide. In Asia in 2005 the highest numbers of cases were in India, China Pakistan. In Africa in 2005 the highest numbers of cases were in South Africa, Ethiopia Congo. (10) There is an increasing rate of tuberculosis in the developing countries is approximately 500/100,000/y. Great alarm has been the progressive increase in numbers of strains of tuberculosis that are resistant to antibiotics. Since 1984, that incidence of extra pulmonary tuberculosis has increased at even faster rate than that of pulmonary tuberculosis and is considered to be a diagnostic criterion in the case definition for AIDS. Because immunocompromised individual are at increased risk of extra pulmonary tuberculosis, so dermatologist are renewing their historic role in the diagnosis of cutaneous lesions of tuberculosis. (11) EPIDEMIOLOGY: Epidemiological analysis is used to detect the changing trends in the incidence and prevalence of mycobacterial disease in the community. The main objectives of these methods are to determine the natural behavior of disease and factors which affect his behavior and to calculate future trend if possible to help in the design of any control measures and to assess the usefulness of these measure.(8) Even though 1 of 3 individuals on this planet is infected with tubercle bacillus, the incidence of Cutaneous TB appears low. In areas such as India or China where TB prevalence is high, cutaneous manifestations of TB (overt infection or Tuberculids) are found in less than 0.1% of persons seen in dermatology clinics. The frequency of patients with Cutaneous Tuberculosis seen between 1980 and 1993 in a hospital dermatology clinic in Madrid was 16 per 10,304 which was 0.14%. In a ten year retrospective survey of patients seen in governmental dermatology clinics in Hong Kong between 1983 and 1992, the detected incidence of Cutaneous Tuberculosis among patients was 179 per 267,089 which was 0.07%. Among patients with Cutaneous Tuberculosis only15% had classic Cutaneous Tuberculosis and 85% had tuberculids. In that classical cutaneous tuberculosis approximately 5% had lupus vulgaris, 5% had Tuberculosis Verrucosa cutis and 5% had scrofuloderma. (2) In a tertiary-care hospital in northern India, 0.1% of dermatology patients seen between 1975 and 1995 had Cutaneous Tuberculosis. Lupus vulgaris was the most common manifestation around 55%, followed by scrofuloderma 27%, TB Verrucosa cutis 6%, tuberculous gumma 5%, and tuberculids occurred in 7%. (2) FREQUENCY: USA: In the United States, tuberculosis cases decreased from 84,304 cases in 1953, when national reporting was first began, to 22,201 in 1985.   This represented fairly steady decline of about 5.8% per year. However, the turn down in tuberculosis cases stopped in between 1985 and 1992. In 1992 the annual number of cases increased by 20% to 26,673 cases. (12) The increases were concentrated geographically in several states, with over 90% of the 14,871 cases in California, Florida, New Jersey, New York, and Texas and demographically tuberculosis occurred in racial and ethnic minorities, in people aged 25 to 44, males and in those born abroad. Especially troubling, and indicative of increasing transmission of new infections, was a 36% increase in tuberculosis among children 4 years old or younger. Tuberculosis appears to be on the decline again in the United States as numbers with only 14,871 cases in 2003. (12) Reported tuberculosis cases in United States, 1982-2002 (12) The percentage of Tuberculosis patients who were born abroad individuals was 42%. People born in Mexico, the Philippines, and Vietnam account for one half of born abroad Tuberculosis patients in the United States. The Tuberculosis rate among born abroad people was 4 to 6 times higher than for US-born peoples. Minimum estimates of the proportion of TB patients with coincident HIV infection were approximately 10-15%. Among people aged 25-44 years, this proportion increased to 20-30%. (12) The fundamental origin of this new Tuberculosis epidemic in troubled states reflects a minimum of four major factors including (1) the involvement of Tuberculosis with the HIV epidemic, (2) the increased migration from countries where Tuberculosis is common, (3) the spread of Tuberculosis in congested settings (health-care facilities, prisons, homeless shelters), and (4) the worsening of the basic health-care infrastructure. (2) Molecular typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in the United States in a restriction fragment-length polymorphism study suggests more than one third of new patient incidence results from people-to-people transmission, and the remainder result from reactivation of latent infection. Approximately 1 of 13 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates currently shows a form of drug resistance. (2) The modern introduction of biological agents that block tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and several other autoimmune disorders has additional raised about the necessity of the identification of patients with latent Tuberculosis. At present, several hundred cases of Tuberculosis have been reported in patients who receive these tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists. (2) HISTORY: Tuberculosis has an ancestry which can be traced to the earliest history of mankind. It was recognized as a contagious disease by the time of Hippocrates and Aristotle in 350 BC. Signs of skeletal Tuberculosis were identified in Europe since Neolithic times and in ancient Egypt around 3700 BC in mummified bodies. Evidence of TB appears in Biblical scripture, in Chinese literature dating back to around 4000 BC, and in religious books in India around 2000 BC. (5) During1600s and 1800s tuberculosis was known ass the Great White Plague in Europe.   Other names for Tuberculosis were Phthisis which was from Greek term phthinein, meaning to waste away, scrofula which were used for swellings of the lymph nodes of the neck and consumption which were used as progressive wasting away of the body.(2) In 1826 Laennec first reported cutaneous tuberculosis which he called PROSECTOR WART. Following Laennec, Rokitansky and Virchow described the histological features in detail comparing them to those of visceral tuberculosis. (6) The Incidence of TB increased with population density and urban development so that by the Industrial Revolution in Europe in 1750, it was responsible for more than 25% of adult deaths. Indeed, in the early 20th century, TB was the leading cause of death in the United States. In 1882, a German biologist ROBERT KOCH presented his discovery of the organism that caused TB. NEIL FINSEN won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1903 for introducing UV light into the treatment of skin TB. (2) With the help of better living conditions and the introduction of the antibiotic streptomycin on 20th November 1944, the number of reported TB patients in the United States steadily declined around 126,000 TB patients in 1944, 84,000 in 1953, 22,000 in 1984, and 14,000 in 2004.(2) MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Tuberculosis is an airborne contagious disease that occurs after inhalation of infectious droplets expelled from patients with laryngeal or pulmonary Tuberculosis during coughing, sneezing, or speaking. Each cough can generate more than 3000 infectious droplets. Droplets are so small around 1 to 5 micro meter, that they remain airborne for hours. (2) The likelihood that disease transmission will occur depends upon the infectiousness of the tuberculous patient, the environment in which exposure takes place, and the duration of exposure. Roughly 20% of people in the infected household contact develop infection. Micro epidemics have occurred in closed environments such as transcontinental flights and submarines. Tuberculin sensitivity develops 2 to 10 weeks after infection and usually is lifetime. (2) Because Tuberculosis induces a powerful immune response, individuals with positive tuberculin reactions are at a considerably lower risk of acquiring new tuberculous infection. In HIV-infected individuals, active Tuberculosis is more likely to occur from reactivation of existing disease than from superinfection with a new mycobacterial strain. (2) Without treatment, an estimated 10% lifetimes possibility exists of developing active disease after tuberculous infection, 5% occurs within the first 2 years and 5% thereafter. An Increased risk of acquiring active disease occurs during HIV infection, Intravenous drug abuse, diabetes mellitus, silicosis, immunosuppressive therapy, cancer of the head and neck, hematological malignancies, end-stage renal disease, intestinal bypass surgery or gastrectomy, chronic malabsorption syndromes and low body weight. Infants younger than two years are associated with increased risk. (2) 1) DIRECT INHALATION: The most common mode of entry via portal in to the lungs usually resulting from the Inhalation of airborne droplets containing a few bacilli, expectorated by individuals with â€Å"open† pulmonary disease.(8) 2) INDIRECT INHALATION: A) Ingestion: Less often bacilli may be swallowed and lodge in to the tonsil or in the wall of the intestine. These infections are chiefly related to the consumption of contaminated milk products. (8) 3) INOCULATION: Cutaneous tuberculosis manifestations depend upon the method of cutaneous inoculations, which may be exogenous that is from an out side source, may occur by autoinoculation, or may be by endogenous .Direct exogenous inoculation in an individual not previously infected with tuberculosis causes primary tuberculosis infection, will led to the tuberculous ‘chancre or to tuberculosis Verrucosa cutis depending upon the immune status of the patient. Another example of exogenous transmission is lupus vulgaris at the site of BCG vaccination. (9) Endogenous transmission can occur by continuous extension of tuberculous process underlying the skin as in scrofuloderma, by the way of lymphatic as in lupus vulgaris and by hematogenous spread as in acute miliary tuberculosis or lupus vulgaris. (9) Infrequent mode of transmission is direct implantation in to the skin through cuts and abrasions. These troubles usually in persons, working with infected material or cultures of tubercle bacilli. These skin lesions were called as â€Å"Prosector warts† (8) CLASSIFFICATION OF CUTANEOUS TUBERCUCLOSIS: Cutaneous tuberculosis clinical manifestations comprise a considerable number of skin changes, usually sub classified in to more or less distinct disease forms. Classification depends on morphology more recently mode of transmission or the immunological state of host, but none of them satisfies completely. 1)INOCCULATION TUBERCUCLOSIS (Exogenous Source) Tuberculosis chancre Warty tuberculosis(Verruca cutis) Lupus vulgaris(some) 2) SECONDARY TUBERCULOSIS (Endogenous source) A) Contiguous spread Scrofuloderma B) Auto-inoculation Orifical tuberculosis 3)HAEMATOGENOUS TUBERCULOSIS Acute miliary tuberculosis Lupus vulgaris(some) Tuberculous gumma 4)ERUPTIVE TUBERCUCLOSIS (Tuberculids) A) Micropapular Lichen scrofulosorum B) Papular Papular/Papulonecrrotic TB C) Nodular Erythema induratum(Bazin) Nodular Tuberculids (CLASSIFICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS, MODIFIED FROM beyt et al) (4) CHAPTER-2 CLASSIFICATION OF MYCOBACTERIA: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which is caused by the Mycobacterium species. Mycobacteria are acid fast, non-sporulating, non-motile weakly gram positive organisms. TEM micrograph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Table 3: Kingdom Bacteria Phylum Actinobacteria Order Actinomycetales Suborder Corynebacterineae Family Mycobacteriaceae Genus Mycobacterium Scientific classification by Lehmann Neumann. (3) In 1950s Runyon classified the atypical mycobacteria according to their ability to form pigment, their rate of growth colony characteristics. This classification also includes obligate human pathogens and facultative human pathogens. (1) Today more then 60 species of mycobacteria are identified. Around 41 of these were included in the approved lists of bacterial names in 1980. (9) 30 species of mycobacterium are known that can cause disease in humans. The most common causative organism includes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium Leprae. Atypical mycobacteria. The species which produce disease in tuberculosis primary complex include: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium Bovis. Mycobacterium Africanum. Sometimes Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) may also cause disease. (1) MEDICAL CLASSIFICATION: For the purpose of diagnosis treatment mycobacteria can be classified in several major groups. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which can cause tuberculosis by the pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M Bovis, M Africanum M microti. Mycobacterium Leprae, which causes Hansens disease. Nontuberculous mycobacteria are the mycobacteria which can cause pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis, and skin disease disseminated disease. SLOW GROWING MYCOBACTERIA RUNYON GROUP 1)Obligate human pathogens M. tuberculosis-bovis group including bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) M Africanum (not included in runyon classification 2)Facultative Human pathogens M. kansasii I M. marinum I M. simiae I M. scrofulaceum II M. szulgai II M. gordanae II M. avium-intracellualr complex III M. haemophilum III M. Ulcerans III M. xenopi III 3) Nonpathogens M. flavescen II M. terrae complex III M. trivale III M. gastri III RAPIDLY GROWING MYCOBACTERIA 1))Facultative Human pathogens M. fortuitum I V M. chelonae I V M. abscessus I V 2) Nonpathogens M. smegmatis I V M. phlei I V M. vaccae I V others STAINING CHARACTERISTICS OF MYCOBACTERIA: Mycobacteria are aerobic, facultative, intracellular non-spore forming and non-motile curved rods measuring 0.2- 0.5 by 2-4 um. Mycolic acid rich long chain glycol lipids and phospholipoglycans, a mycocides present in the cell wall of mycobacteria protect them. (2) Mycobacteria do not gram stain readily but their most valuable staining characteristic is Acid Fastness. This ability retains carbol fuchin dye after washing with acid or alcohol occurs because of the high content of cell wall mycolic acids, fatty acids other lipids. Other staining methods used include Dietrele, auramine-Rhodamine and phenolic acridine orange stains. Nocardia rhodococcus, legionella dadei, isospora cryptosporidium also share acid fastness. (1) The Ziehl-Neelson acid-fast stain, while highly specific for mycobacteria, is relatively insensitive, and recognition requires at least 10,000 bacilli per mL; most clinical laboratories currently use a more sensitive auramine-rhodamine fluorescent stain (auramine O). Routine culture uses a nonselective egg medium called Lowenstein-Jensen or Middlebrook 7H10 and often requires more than 3-4 weeks to grow because of the 22-hour doubling time of mycobacterium tuberculosis. Radiometric broth culture, BACTEC radiometric system of clinical specimens significantly reduces time 10 to 14 d for mycobacterial recovery. DNA probes specific for mycobacterial ribosomal RNA categorize species of clinically significant isolates after recovery. In tissue, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification techniques can be used to detect Mycobactereria tuberculosis-specific DNA sequences and thus, small numbers of mycobacteria in clinical specimens. (2) The cell wall of mycobacteria consist of: (3) Outer lipids Mycolic acid Polysaccharides(arabinoglactan) Peptideglycan Plasma membrane. Lipoarrabinomannan(LAM) Phosphatidylinositol mannoside. Cell wall skeleton. PATHOGENESIS: The most common site for Tuberculosis disease is lungs and 85% of TB patients present with pulmonary symptoms. The most common sites of extrapulmonary disease are mediastinal, retroperitoneal, and cervical lymph nodes, vertebral bodes, adrenals, meninges, and the GI tract. Pathology of these lesions is similar to those in the lung. Extrapulmonary TB can occur as part of a primary or late generalized infection or as a reactivation site that may, coexist with pulmonary reactivation. (2) Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate pathogen. It is a slender aerobic rod, characterized by high lipid content. This lipid is responsible for resistance to phagocytosis. Identification of organism is easy in tuberculous chancre, scrofuloderma, orificial lesions and the miliary variant. This may be difficult to find or absent in lupus vulgaris, gummata and warty tuberculosis. The organism is highly resistant to drying to drying and therefore can retain infectivity by inoculation or contamination of minor wounds. (19) The reaction of the bacterium depends on: the size of inoculum. the virulence of organism. <

Contracts :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Contracts Lump Sum Contract A defined lump sum plan expresses employees' pension benefits as a lump sum amount, which makes it easy for them to understand and appreciate the benefits. In many cases, the plans also allow employees to accrue larger benefits at younger ages than they would under a traditional pension plan. And, increasingly, defined lump sum plans provide "portable" benefits that employees can take with them if they leave the company before retirement age. Cost plus percentage contract: Cost-plus construction contracts are often used for projects in which an owner or developer wishes to retain flexibility in selecting construction materials or modifying the design during construction. Unless specifically described in the contract, the contractor and the owner/developer may have a different perception of what types of costs are reimbursable to the contractor. The cost-plus contract should include a section defining all of the types of costs that are reimbursable by the owner/developer, and most standard form contracts include such provisions. Cost plus fixed fee contract: A cost-plus-fixed-fee contract is a cost-reimbursement contract that provides for payment to the contractor of a negotiated fee that is fixed at the inception of the contract. The fixed fee does not vary with actual cost, but may be adjusted as a result of changes in the work to be performed under the contract. This contract type permits contracting for efforts that might otherwise present too great a risk to contractors, but it provides the contractor only a minimum incentive to control costs. Design and build contract, also known as "package deal" and 'turnkey" contracts Turnkey drilling services offer a viable method for operators to better man age drilling risks and reduce costs. In the future, they may be able to utilize drilling management contractor services for complete field development programs. The offshore turnkey drilling industry remained a high-margin, low-volume business until about 1993 when turnkey drillers began to realize bidding prices were not competitive with most operators' internal cost estimates. Increasing market share could only be achieved by reducing margins to match the real competition, which is the operator's AFE (authority for expenditure). Since then, the number of offshore turnkey wells has increased almost every year. However, the future of the offshore drilling management services industry involves moving beyond merely providing a well or a completion for a fixed price.

Tragic Differences :: essays research papers

Tragedy has always been a popular theme in stories and plays. For centuries, people have been captivated by morbidly emotional finales, rather than by happy endings. Stories with a sad outcome fascinate us much more than those, ending on a happy note. Many of the best works of literature are considered to be tragedies. Shakespeare would be a perfect example of a man who had written many delightful comedies; yet, he was more famous for his grave tragedies. People seem to be more attached to something that disturbs them and leaves them uneasy, rather than to something frivolous and amusing. Maybe, it is because tragedies can be very didactic. Maybe, by studying typical causes of tragedy, a person can prevent it from happening in his or her personal life. It is much easier to learn something from someone else's mistakes than from your own. So it is possible that people who really enjoy tragedy do not really enjoy it, but use it to prevent their future misfortunes, if there are any. Othe rwise, how can someone enjoy the pain and the suffering of others? But like everything else tragedy has laws. One of the laws is Hubris. A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, can easily be classified as a tragedy. It is a repulsive story about a woman, who died just as she lived: lonely. Emily Grierson was a peculiar woman, who owned a large house, which was a mystery to many people. She never had any real friends and she never had a spouse. And when she started seeing a man, Homer Barron, everybody was assured that she would marry him. But Mr. Barron was as queer as Ms. Grierson was, so their melding was very unlikely. 'When she had first begun to be seen with Homer Barron, we had said, 'She will marry him.'; Then we said, 'She will persuaded him yet,'; because homer himself had remarked – he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elk's Club – that he was not a marrying man.'; (Faulkner 280) Poor woman probably never even had the chance. But shortly after the two had been acquainted, Homer disappeared, and the woman became even more alienated, until she stopped coming out o f her dusky house at all. At the end of the story, we are told that the disintegrating carcass of Mr. Barron was found in Emily's house in the room that had been locked for years. Tragic Differences :: essays research papers Tragedy has always been a popular theme in stories and plays. For centuries, people have been captivated by morbidly emotional finales, rather than by happy endings. Stories with a sad outcome fascinate us much more than those, ending on a happy note. Many of the best works of literature are considered to be tragedies. Shakespeare would be a perfect example of a man who had written many delightful comedies; yet, he was more famous for his grave tragedies. People seem to be more attached to something that disturbs them and leaves them uneasy, rather than to something frivolous and amusing. Maybe, it is because tragedies can be very didactic. Maybe, by studying typical causes of tragedy, a person can prevent it from happening in his or her personal life. It is much easier to learn something from someone else's mistakes than from your own. So it is possible that people who really enjoy tragedy do not really enjoy it, but use it to prevent their future misfortunes, if there are any. Othe rwise, how can someone enjoy the pain and the suffering of others? But like everything else tragedy has laws. One of the laws is Hubris. A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, can easily be classified as a tragedy. It is a repulsive story about a woman, who died just as she lived: lonely. Emily Grierson was a peculiar woman, who owned a large house, which was a mystery to many people. She never had any real friends and she never had a spouse. And when she started seeing a man, Homer Barron, everybody was assured that she would marry him. But Mr. Barron was as queer as Ms. Grierson was, so their melding was very unlikely. 'When she had first begun to be seen with Homer Barron, we had said, 'She will marry him.'; Then we said, 'She will persuaded him yet,'; because homer himself had remarked – he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elk's Club – that he was not a marrying man.'; (Faulkner 280) Poor woman probably never even had the chance. But shortly after the two had been acquainted, Homer disappeared, and the woman became even more alienated, until she stopped coming out o f her dusky house at all. At the end of the story, we are told that the disintegrating carcass of Mr. Barron was found in Emily's house in the room that had been locked for years.

Implication for the Retail Industry Essay example -- essays research p

Thomas, Ryan, â€Å"The Right Mix: Brands versus Private Labels,† Apparel, Feb’04, p. 30-33 Overview of Article   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Department stores that may want to develop or expand private labels to replace lagging national brands should be aware of the downfalls as well as the benefits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Private labels increase margins from 6-10% higher than national brands. They also allow for fashion garments to be reproduced the following season if they are still in demand. However, department stores risk opposition from national brands if such private labels create too much competition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If private labels are to be expanded, they should be of higher quality than the norm. They should also be offered in a wide range of categories, to decrease advertising costs. Article Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Department stores have traditionally used private labels on the selling floor as a way to provide a low-cost alternative to consumers. However, they may be expanding and developing more private labels to replace those national brands that have been falling behind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Private labels are helpful to department stores because they increase margins. On average, private label margins are 6-10% higher than national brands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another benefit of private labels is one not offered by brand manufacturers. If a fashionable garment sells out fast in any particular season, ...

Jane Eyre and Helen Burns Comparison

Jane Eyre and Helen Burns are best friends at Lowood, but they both see the world differently. Each one is treated individually and handles their punishments in their own way. They both cherish their faith, but it can’t exactly solve all their problems in life. That is why they turn to each other and be supportive throughout their time at Lowood. Even though the school isn’t fair and is tough on the girls, they still manage to stay true to themselves. To begin with, Jane and Helen have different personalities.Jane is more of a rebel, while Helen prefers to just go with the flow. Jane has a sense of self-worth, dignity, a commitment to justice and principle, a trust in god, and a passionate disposition. She is also an intelligent, honest, plain-featured firl forced to contend with oppression, inequality, and hardship. Meanwhile, Helen manifests a certain strength and intellectual maturity. Like Jane, Helen is restlessly imaginative and ornery. Although, Helen’s su bmissive and ascetic nature highlights Jane’s headstrong character.Both Jane and Helen are orphans that long for a home and fair treatment. Helen believes that she will find her home in Heaven rather than Northern England, while Jane longs for love and freedom. With this in mind, Jane does not like it when people treat her poorly, so she’s always ready to strike back. Helen doesn’t like receiving cruel punishment either, but she prefers to just accept it because she knows it’s never going to stop. She endures her miserable life with a passive dignity that Jane can’t understand. Jane struggles to find others who understand her.Helen in some ways is a more mature version of Jane because of the way she handles situations and pushes her way through life. Above all, both girls turn to their faith to help them endure their life at Lowood. Helen represents a mode of Christianity that stresses tolerance and acceptance. She trusts her own faith and turns th e other cheek to the Lowood policies. She believes that justice will be found in God’s ultimate judgement – God will reward the good and punish the evil. On the other hand, Jane us unable to have such blind faith. She counts on God for support and guidance in her search.Her quest is for love and happiness in this world. All in all, Jane Eyre and Helen Burns are two very different girls dealing with similar struggles at Lowood. They may turn to each other for help, but they also turn to their faith. Their faith is a major part of what keeps them going strong in life, as well as friendship. Jane and Helen may not like the way that there are treated, but they manage to deal with it and make their way through life’s toughest battles. They just listened to their heart and believed in themselves and each other.

Minoan Civilization Overview

The island of Crete, which lies in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, has been heavily contested by differing civilizations over the past three-thousand years. But before first conquests for the island began, a civilization developed on the island to such an advanced degree that it would become Greek legend. These first civilized inhabitants of Crete have become known as the Minoans, named after King Minis. In the two-thousand years of the Minoan people, they rose from simple farmers to a great civilization that came to a tragic end. The island of Crete provides a unique environment that is well suited for unman civilization.Its location in the Mediterranean provides its inhabitants with a central location for trade and military operations between Greece, tally, Egypt, and the Middle East. The sea itself is rich in resources, the lands of the Cretan plains are fertile, and the southern coastal areas, with their massive cliffs, provided a natural barrier against invasion. The island 's climate is very mild, much like the coastal areas that surround the Mediterranean. Although the island has no major rivers and experiences long periods of dry weather, springs are overly abundant.These springs, which have decreased in umber, were a reliable source of fresh water for inhabitants of Crete. Another major advantage of living on the island was the large forests that used to cover the landscape. The first people of Crete came to the island during Neolithic times. These settlers may have brought crops and domesticated animals with them to Crete. It is unknown where these settlers originated from but archeological evidence suggests areas near Turkey or Syria. The first inhabitants spread quickly across the island, living in natural caves carved from the limestone rock that made up the island or in villages atop small hills.These Neolithic inhabitants developed many of the tools that other people living near the Mediterranean used, such as stone axes, obsidian and cheer b lades, sickles, bows and arrows, and stone maces. They also developed techniques for weaving wool into cloth using looms. As the Neolithic people of Crete began to move into villages on the plains and coastal areas by the middle Neolithic era, caves took on the role of burial sites for everyone from village leaders, to children, to the common resident.As the Neolithic age came to a close and the Bronze Age began, Crete experienced a period of turmoil that seems to indicate an invasion that triggered technological and cultural developments, such as bronze working, advancements in pottery and tombs. Evidence from Greek myths suggests that these invaders were refugees from lands in the north of the rising Egyptian Empire. It is possible that King Manner, the man who united Egypt, is the reason these people fled north into the sea. The period following invasion is thought of as the beginning of the Minoan Age, around BBC.During this period, the Minoan people began to form large cities w hich typically acted as independent city-states. Competition and inflict between these cities is not heavily evidenced, but it is known that during this Early Minoan age many immigrants from the mainland areas surrounding the Mediterranean came to Crete to seek refuge, much like the original invaders. This period lasted until approximately 2200 BC, after which the culture of the people of Crete shifted away from the independent nature of the city states to a more centralized society with power collecting in a few major cities that were spread across the island.During the Middle Minoan Age, kingdoms began to develop and the first Minoan palaces were constructed in cities such as Knossos and Patios. Minoans began to develop colonies on nearby islands, some of which are well recorded in Greek legends. These colonies may be a sign of over-population on the island of Crete, which was a consequence of the Minoan civilization's rapid decent down the slippery slope of farming.It is through these colonies that the Minoan culture would begin to show signs of influence as far away as mainland Greece and possibly Egypt In the later portions of the Middle Minoan Age, the Minoan civilization began to reach its peak. It is also at this point in time that seismic activity on and near Crete begins to show its tangentially dangerous nature to the Minoans. Several times during the Middle Minoan Age, palaces Were destroyed by the earthquakes or fire that may have been caused by earthquakes. It was around this period of destruction in BBC that the Greek's began to settle on Crete, but their presence was minimal at best.The Minoans would recover from these natural disasters and the civilization would continue to flourish until the Late Minoan Age, which began around 1550 BC. Around BBC, the volcanic island of There, only seventy miles north of Crete, exploded immediately following a series of earthquakes. The Minoan colonies on the island were buried under thick layers of volcanic rock and tsunamis caused major damage to coastal areas on the north of Crete and caused extensive crop damage on the eastern portion of the island due to ash. The inhabitants of Crete recovered, but the kingdoms were left in a weakened state.More earthquakes would strike the island potentially changing the landscape of the coastal areas. Some Minoan coastal cities on the eastern and northern parts of Crete lie below several feet of water, and in the Western parts of the island the coastal landscape actually appears to be much higher than it was in early Minoan times. The earthquakes may have also disrupted the supply of fresh water to Minoan cities. Wells, springs, and underground clay pipes all suffered damage due to the severe seismic activity. Knossos would grow to become the only major power on the island while other cities fell into decline.By BBC, the great city of Knossos, the last Minoan seat of power, was ravaged by war and conquered by the Greeks, ending the Minoan civiliz ation. During the nearly 2000 years of the Minoan civilization, their culture grew to influence other people in Greece, Egypt, and the Near East. There are several aspects of this culture and the most influential and historically important Of these are Minoan religion, architecture, gender's role in society, and crafts. The Minoan government was theocratic, with both the king and queen having prominent parts in religious and political affairs.The gods of the Minoan people, the most important of which were solar gods, would only communicate their will through the royal couple, who acted as the high priests and carried out religious ceremonies and political events. The kings and queens were also rated as divine beings following their deaths since they were considered to be the adopted children of the gods. It was also common for commoner and lower priests to experience a euphoric event by coming into contact with a sacred object such as a tree or a rock.Through these euphoric experien ces, they would simply see the face of their gods or see messages that were delivered in natural form by animals or plants. The architecture of early Minoan cities consisted of simple earth, mud bricks, stone, clay, and wooden buildings, with religious, political, or elite building being of generally higher laity. The home of a commoner was usually a small, rectangular room with a fire-pit in the center and a raised stone platform for sleeping in a corner. As time passed, these homes became larger and some had multiple rooms that could have acted as storage or private quarters.As for royal palaces, they Were typically constructed from stone and wood with the quality of workmanship varying from site to site. Whenever a palace was destroyed (typically by natural disaster) the new palace would be built directly atop the ruins of the destroyed structure. Dcord inside these complexes included culture of religious icons, murals, frescoes, and furniture that was designed to show the divine nature of royalty. These palaces also served as temples for the gods, which is evidenced by the close association between the king and queen and their patron gods.Almost all building would be covered in a limestone-based plaster and some would then be painted with a red compound. An aspect of Minoan culture that breaks the norm for other civilizations at the time is the importance of women in society. In almost all of the Minoan art work recovered from the ruins, women are shown in important political and religious roles. Many other cultures from this time period simply depict women as being responsible for raising children. This difference in views can probably be attributed to the significance of the female solar gods in Minoan society.It is also thought that the common Minoan woman shared equal social status as her male counterparts, which was quite different from other Mediterranean cultures, who placed most social importance on the men. When the Greeks wrote of the ancient civ ilization of Atlantis falling below the sea after a devastating earthquake, it is entirely possible that they were actually talking about the Minoans. The genealogy, complex social structure, and wondrous cities that the Minoans developed could easily be the source of inspiration for the tale of Atlantis, which was written 600 years after the collapse of the Minoan civilization on Crete.

Fiela’s Child- Dalene Matthee Comparisons Essay

Throughout this thought-provoking novel, Matthee shows us how the environment where people are brought up, plays a strong part in who they become. She compares and contrasts the bright, open expanse of the Long Kloof with the darkness of the Forest, as well as the inhabitants of these areas. The novel tells us the story of a boy who struggles to understand who he is and where he belongs. This boy is Benjamin Komoetie. Despite spending his younger years in the care of Fiela Komoetie, a black woman, interference by white people upturns his life and sends Benjamin into the Forest to live with woodcutters. This transfer is confusing for a twelve-year-old, and even the insistence of his new white family that he has returned home, cannot quell his longing for the Kloof and his family there. Matthee frequently uses nature to describe events in the story and also connects shades of dark and light to the places. The people of the Forest are almost backwards in their ways; they have little or no education and their homes are ramshackle huts. However, some of the Forest dwellers are aware of their insignificance to the village people and other outsiders. During a conversation between Elias van Rooyen (Benjamin’s new father) and Malie (one of Benjamin’s aunts), Malie says: ‘ â€Å"I’m almost forty Elias, and I’ve been outside this Forest only twice in my life, and that was just as far as the village†¦.-I say again, if we should all die from a plague this very day, few would notice.’ (pg.135-136) The Forest affects its community in many ways: it is the life and death of the woodcutters and families. Yet, being from the Long Kloof, Benjamin (now called Lukas) struggles to escape from a feeling of confinement. The colossal trees that tower all around and block out the sun seem to imprison him further. This reference is just after he reaches his new home, deep in the bush: ‘ They were somewhere deep within the Forest, it was dark and he was very scared for he did not know how he would ever get out of there again. It was  like when you crawled into the crevices after rock rabbits to get at them with a stick and it got so narrow around you that you started sweating with fear.’ (pg.101) This claustrophobia is very difficult to cope with after the hot, white light Long Kloof. Even the plants are different and Matthee emphasises how strange the cool greenery is compared to low yellow scrubland across the veldt. The Forest people are uneducated and rely upon each other for many things. This is shown when the Van Rooyen family has to borrow scissors to cut Nina’s (Benjamin’s sister) hair. The family has very few possessions and when Fiela sends Benjamin his personal effects from the Long Kloof, they are immediately ‘snapped up’ by his new people. I think that the constant shade and shadow. Combined with always being confined to the Forest makes the inhabitants wary of the outside world and almost wild in their ways. The Long Kloof id hugely different from the Forest and the Komoetie household is independent from the rest of the local landowners. These differences influence those who live in whichever community and Benjamin becomes aware of this. One of the moments where we see how he recalls his former life is a Sunday in the Forest: ‘ On Sundays he longed for the openness of the Kloof, or anywhere where he could have looked into the distance; the Forest was so dense, the forest people never saw far; apparently they did not miss the open country for the Forest was their home.’ (pg. 210) Every reference to the surroundings that Matthee gives us, relates to the way the different people live their lives. This is an interesting viewpoint for the relationships within each community and as Benjamin interacts with either family, we are shown very different attitudes and characters.

Tonto’s Dysfunctional Family Tree Essay

America is a multicultural nation. This fact is undeniable. We are a mishmash of people from all parts of the globe, each with a unique story to tell. One of the struggles of being such a diverse nation is that different ethnic groups often fail to understand one another. I believe that cross-cultural writing is a powerful tool that dispels ignorance and fosters greater multicultural understanding. Writing has the power to bring people together. There are many prominent cross-cultural writers in the history of American literature. Each of them has added to a growing genre that explores what it’s like to move to this country in pursuit of the ever-elusive â€Å"American Dream.† Sherman Alexie is one such writer. However, his theme is not one of searching for the â€Å"American Dream.† His theme addresses what happens when the â€Å"American Dream† lands on you. Sherman Alexie is Native American, and his stories expose one of America’s dirty little se crets. In the paragraphs that follow, I will review Alexie’s life, the genre and style in which he writes, and the overall themes of his work. I will analyze the short story, â€Å"Every Little Hurricane†, taken from the anthology, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven. Sherman Alexie was born on October 7, 1966 in WellPoint, Washington. He belongs to the Spokane Tribe of American Indians called the Salish Group. At the time of his birth he had hydrocephalus, a disease in which the patient has an excess of cerebrospinal fluid. The only option was to get an operation that he most likely would not survive. Yet despite these dire predictions, he survived an invasive surgery at the tender age of six months. He didn’t just survive; he thrived. Despite chronic seizures related to his condition, Sherman continues to power through life with extreme determination. He learned to read at the age of three and from then on nothing could hold him back. As a teen attending a reservation school Sherman was shocked to discovered his mother’s name inscribed in one of his textbooks. The realization that the school’s books were decades old led to his determination to leave the poverty-stricken reservation and get a thorough education elsewhere. He earned a spot in one of the top high schools in Reardon, Washington, where he was a star student and athlete. He proceeded to the University of Go nzaga, where his dream was to become a physician. After fainting from disgust in his anatomy class, he had to abandon this dream. It was during this dark time period that he  began abusing alcohol. He then changed his major, a decision that was based on his love for poetry and aptitude for writing. This change of direction brought him to Washington State University where he quit drinking and earned a B.A. in American Studies. Sherman Alexie began his professional career in 1990 when his work was published in Hanging Loose magazine. This initial success gave him the incentive to quit drinking at the age of 23, and he’s been sober ever since. His first collection of short stories, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, was published in 1993, and that was just the beginning. In 1995 he launched his career as a novelist with Reservation Blues, an expanded version of the characters introduced in the previously mentioned collection. In 2007 he published a young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. This novel is a reflection of his personal experience growing up on the Reservation. Alexie is the winner of numerous honors and awards including the 2001 PEN/Malamud Award, the 1994 PEN/Hemingway Award, the 2007 National Book Award, and the 2010 PEN/ Faulkner Award (www.fallsapart.com). Alexie is a modern writer who is not bound by a single genre. He has written poetry, novels, screenplays, and most notably short stories. As the dominant Native American short story writer of today, he creates unique imagery through recurrent memories, visions and dream sequences. He utilizes diary entries, faux newspaper articles, and multiple storytellers to tell stories within stories. One example of this is seen in â€Å"Trial of Thomas Build-the–Fire†, where Thomas is personified as a number of historical figures. Alexie also uses cultural figures like Crazy Horse, Jesus Christ, Jimi Hendrix, and the Lone Ranger, to accentuate the complexities of his humble characters. According to Leslie Ullman â€Å"He weaves a curiously soft-blended tapestry of humor, humility, pride and metaphysical provocation out of hard realities†¦ the tin-shack lives, the alcohol dreams, the bad luck and burlesque disasters, and the self-destructive courage of his characters.† (Ruby, M. 2011). I believe Ullman’s comment is right on point. All of the stories in The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven challenge the reader intellectually, emotionally and spiritually. Alexie seems to have a two-fold purpose for telling his stories. Firstly, he yearns for all Native Americans to keep their memories and heritage alive through the art of storytelling. Secondly, he communicates how modern Native Americans endure the assault of mainstream  culture on their heritage, imagination and spirit. While his writing is modern, traditional or historical elements like powwows, fancy dancing, alcoholism and poverty, are interwoven throughout. His writing juxtaposes sadness with humor, brutality with kindness, and spirituality with materialism. He depicts numerous prominent characters in this collection, rather than just one or two dominant characters. The compilation contains twenty-two short stories that are loosely interconnected. In the first story, â€Å"Every Little Hurricane†, Alexie introduces themes that play out through the rest of the book, such as poverty, despair, death, alcoholism, humiliation, and the hope of transformation. In this story Al exie explains the choice between remembering the pain of the past, and creating a false reality to avoid that pain. Alexie uses the character Victor, who is nine years old, to explain this struggle. The story is told from Victor’s perspective during a New Year’s Eve party at his parents’ home. Disturbed by the drinking and extreme violence, Victor comforts himself by imagining that a hurricane has caused the destruction, rather than his own tribe. The hurricane is a fitting metaphor because it hits on both the emotional turmoil and social chaos prevalent in Victor’s dysfunctional family. Victor is faced with the decision to either remember what really happened, or forget by instead imagining that a hurricane caused the devastation. Ultimately, he chooses to accept the reality of his disturbing childhood. However, even though he chooses to live in the truth, he resorts to finding comfort in the only way he can, which is between the two unconscious bodies of his drunk parents. Alexie points out that the dysfunction in Victor’s family is the result of a long-standing attitude on the Reservation. Violence has become habitual, and therefore accepted. This point is made when Adolph and Arnold (Victor’s uncles) begin to fight, getting mired in â€Å"a misdemeanor that would remain one even if somebody was to die. . . . [For] one Indian killing another did not create a special kind of storm.† (Alexie, p 3) Alexie implies that American Indians have internalized all of the violence that has been perpetrated against them since their first contact with Europeans, so that even murdering one of their own goes almost unnoticed. The oppression that they have suffered has turned them into silent witnesses. According to Victor, â€Å"They were all witnesses and nothing more.† (Alexie, p 3) As the story continues, Alexie points out that  alcoholism is the most serious problem facing Victor’s tribe. Victor’s most powerful memory is of his father crying over the absence of Christmas presents, while getting drunk to escape the pain of the family’s abject poverty. His father continuously opens and closes an empty wallet â€Å"as if the repetition itself could guarantee change. But it was always empty.† (Alexie, p 5) Alexie shows the pervasiveness of alcoholism with continual references to the smell and taste of sweat, smoke, whiskey and blood. These are constant companions of Victor’s existence, so that he actually believes that â€Å"the alcohol seeping through [his parents] skin might get him drunk, might help him sleep.† (Alexie, p 9) From day one Victor is forc ed to gain survival skills to handle extreme fear and poverty. When he sees â€Å"an old, [drunk] Indian man drowned in a mud puddle at the powwow† (Alexie, p 7) he understands that alcoholism is not his family’s problem alone. It is a problem of his entire culture. After completing The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven it is obvious to me that Sherman Alexie is as Bob Hershon so aptly put it, â€Å"one of the major lyric voices of our time.† (Alexie, p xiii) His writing pulls the cover off of America’s dirty little secret of what life is like growing up on the Reservation. Many critics have vilified him for perpetuating the stereotype of the drunk Indian. This is not so. Alexie doesn’t write about the destructive effects of alcohol on Indians due to some literary stance or prejudiced perspective. Simply put, he is truth telling. I have wracked my brain to come up with an overall theme for this piece of literature. Then it came to me in a flash. Why not use Alexie’s own words, â€Å"I kept trying to figure out the main topic, the big theme, the overarching idea, the epicenter. And it is this: The sons in this book really love and hate their fathers.† (Alexie, p xxii) Works Cited Alexie, Sherman. The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven. New York, NY:Grove Press, 1993, 2005. Falls Apart, Offical Website, http://www.fallsapart.com, 2013 Johansen, Bruce E. Native Americans Today: A Biographical Dictionary. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood Press, 2010. Ruby, Mary. Authors & Artists for Young Adults Vol. 85. Detroit, Mich: Gale / Cengage Learning, 2011.

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

International Law - Essay Example Due to the increase in these multinational corporation cases, American courts employed the doctrine of forum non conveniens, as a shield to limit the increasing use of the American legal system by foreign plaintiffs. The argument behind all this is that the foreign victims tend to take advantage of the procedural and substantive law.2 As a result of global development and globalization of most business activities, the multinational corporations are discussed at an international platform. The globalization of these corporations as well as economic institutions in the world brings wider media coverage that even the very small accidents can be viewed by millions in the world. This keeps the whole world alert about the multinational corporations, which are best known to violate human rights. ... The reasons for the inclusion of the Alien Tort Statue in this Act were not very clear, but however its enactment was originally for the use against pirates, and to prevent the mistreatment of foreign ambassadors, but it was left inactive and forgotten until 1980 when it was rediscovered and put into use by lawyers.5 The Alien Tort Statute was first used in solving the Filartiga V. case. The plaintiffs were a Paraguayan father and daughter who brought a complaint with the help of human rights activists. They alleged that the defendant a former Paraguay police officer had tortured their brother and son to death. They won the case and were rewarded a significant monetary amount.6 Since the enactment of the Alien Tort Statue, a significant number of cases have been brought forth concerning human rights abuses committed abroad including claims against American corporations. The Alien Tort Statute has really helped to solve many cases. This statute has made it possible and easier for fore igners to bring civil cases in the United States district level courts, for crimes committed anywhere in the world by an individual, government, and corporations that violates the law of nations or treaty of the United States.7 The Alien Tort Statue also gained importance in kadic V, Karadizic. Karadizic expanded the capacity of human rights claims under Alien Tort Statute to cover private non-state actors who violated human rights. This means that, it was directly applied against corporate defendants and this indicated that American courts were, and are willing to consider claims based on violations of international human law against Multinational Corporations.8

Film Analysis Report of the Movie Mask Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Analysis Report of the Mask - Movie Review Example The film also stars Dennis Burkley and Laura Dern in supporting roles. The film won the Academy Award for the best makeup. The stars of the film Cher and Eric Stoltz were selected as nominees for Golden Globe awards for their excellent performances. The film also paved the way for the actress Cher to win the best actress award in the Cannes Festival of 1985. Mask is definitely a star studded film and all the actors fantastically portray their assigned roles above the average mark of performance. Rocky Dennis played by Stoltz and Rusty, mother of Rocky Dennis who is an addict and member of a reckless biker family played by Cher, are amazing and outstanding in profound strength of character depiction and emotional exuberance. Both these characters have done complete justification to the characters of a boy suffering from Ionitis and his mother who is protective about her son, an addict and leads a reckless life herself but at the same time wants him to receive a normal healthy life like any other mortal, is superbly represented in the silver screen at length through the fineness of the performance and precision of the cinematographer Laszlo Kovacs and insight of the learned director Peter Bogdanovich. The setting of the film Mask can be considered as mixed with a proper blend of indoor and outdoor backgrounds. Though the major course of the film takes place indoors in school, camp for the junior blind and maternal home of the Rocky Dennis, there are considerable portion of the plot and events which occur outside too. At the outset of the film, the audiences are introduced with the protagonist of the film, Rocky Dennis who stays with his mother and his maternal grandparents. Due to his skull deformities, there are also numbers of tumours which occur on his face and audiences are made well aware about the adversities Rocky Dennis is ought to face for his deformities. He is received by his extended biker family, the boy friend of his mom,

Working Women and the Vote Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working Women and the Vote - Personal Statement Example Her statement was the basis of this article with the calling of the majority says to be heard. It was time to put an end to the male chauvinism at that time in history where the place of women in society was only to preserve motherhood and being submissive to their men. The working women were sick and tired of this trend and, therefore, had to put an end to this through whatever way. There were up to 1 million women who were participating in labour activity. This is because they had to play the role of breadwinners in their respective family.   Women have developed a new form of work ethic that would change the general daily life, therefore; they had to participate in the voting process. The article further faults the roles senators give to women in places of job allocation and that women can do jobs that men can equally do. The contest between the two genders now is focused on the issue of breadwinning. The focus is not on a political contest or rather a system that further aliena tes women by denying them voting rights. That chivalry is dead as the senators have continually made efforts to shorten women’s working hours. The senators totally disenfranchise the electorate in an effort to show them the importance of short working hours. It is evident that have been numerous instances where the learned senators have shot down bills. Most of the bills were meant to cause reforms to women and to improve their position in the society. A case at hand is during the Albany hearing they made desperate efforts to justify their voting against the bill.

Why Caledonia Has to Adopt Free Cash Flows Approach and not Accounting Math Problem

Why Caledonia Has to Adopt Free Cash Flows Approach and not Accounting Profit Approach - Math Problem Example Moreover, it involves financial instruments such as inventory, which the corporation can easily convert into money. The cash flow statement can highlight the economic position of the firm and its solvency capacity within that financial period. Alternatively, the accounting profits refer to the gain or loss of the investment of the entrepreneur after the accumulative revenues are subtracted from the expenses (Profit ? = Revenues – Expenses). In addition, the net income is for the whole year (Wayman, 2010). For most corporations, revenues are realized when the money is earned but not received. This means some items can be sold on credit and recorded on the Income Statement as sales even if the money is not actually received. Why Caledonia has to adopt free Cash flows approach and not Accounting profit approach According to Mulford & Comiskey (2005), both the cash flow methods and accounting profits are methods that corporations use to assess their economic performance. However, the concepts of computing these two formulas are different and constitutes of different elements. Cash flows have several qualities that make it preferable than the accounting profits. First, cash flows consider the time value of transactions and money, which is important for the business. It considers the money value in a particular period has a different purchasing power than in a future period. Clearly, numerous economic conditions influence the fluctuation of prices and the accounting profits do not consider this. They assume the price remains constant for a particular economic period. For example, oil prices are affected by global factors such as depletion of oil wells, shortages or regulations, which cause the frequent alteration of the prices to meet the contemporary financial situations. In this instance, the cash flow approach will realize the inflows and expenditures of the new prices of the commodity according to the time of occurrence. Whereas the accounting profit model ignores this and uses the average price of the year in computing its revenues. Therefore, the corporation will be able to measure their liquidity situation more efficiently and thus this will help them in planning their operational functions better. Besides the cash flow model emphasizes real time payment unlike accounting profit is realized later ((Mulford & Comiskey, 2005)). If the corporation acquires finances directly after sales, they can use it when a great opportunity arises. They will not have to postpone their prospects since they have sold items on credit and do not have the actual money. Secondly, the accounting profit approach considers depreciation as an expense item and this is not an actual expense item (Mulford & Comiskey, 2005). Therefore, if the depreciation increases this will mean that the expenses will increase but this is not reflective of the true expense of the business. It is a non-cash amount that the corporation assumes it affects the profitability of the business. However, the cash flows ignore depreciation as cash expense since it does not have a monetary value. If Caledonia utilizes the cash flow approach, its profits will be higher and reflect the true cash position of the business, unlike a net profit figure which will be lower since it comprises of depreciation. Finally, the cash flow method is essential for capital budgeting which requires comparison of the benefits and costs (outflows) of the investment they are taking (Wayman, 2010). Since the cash flow method considers the cash values of the projects, it can be an appropriate basis to calculate the financial progress of the investment. Consequently, the accounting method disregards the cost at the time of initiation of the project. The

Identify the way in which marketing techniques have been successfully Essay

Identify the way in which marketing techniques have been successfully used to create positive perceptions of a star product - Essay Example Kotler (1991) goes further when he said segmentation is the subdividing of market into homogeneous sub-set of customers, where any subset may conceivably be selected as market target to be reached with distinct market mix. A Nigerian Politician in a campaign speech said, â€Å"Vote for the present IT literate generation, not the old generation who still thinks that Blackberry is a kind of fruit† (El-Rufai, 2010). The truism of this statement underlies the success (Appendix I – III) of Blackberry. Made by Research in Motion since 1999, it is one of the smartphones that incorporates different features such as email, PDA, WiFi, etc. The success of Blackberry phones is seen in the Appendix I which shows the increasing revenues throughout the fiscal year 2009. Today, most phone manufacturers have copied the features of Blackberry phones in other to tap into the lucrative market being enjoyed by Blackberry. Nokia, Samsung, LG, among others have all departed from their traditi onal call phones to smartphone technology being pioneered by Blackberry. 2. Definitions of Market Segmentation To fully understand market segmentation, several definitions by scholars and experts will be analyzed. Market segmentation consists of taking the total heterogeneous markets for a product and dividing it into several sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogenous in full significant aspects (Stanton, 1981). According to American Marketing Association, â€Å"Market segmentation refers to dividing the heterogeneous markets into smaller customer groups having certain homogenous characteristics that can be satisfied by the firm† (Jain, 2010). The foregoing definitions are going to point out that segmentation is a valuable strategy to be adopted by firms that want to increase their market shares and revenues. According to Bose (2010) good market segmentation must have the following qualities: accessible to the firm, for instance, if the law prohibits the fi rm from exporting, you cannot have a market segmentation based on an overseas market. It should be sustainable, the returns from the market should be enough to justify the profit target of the firm and the investment made in the market. If the segment does not justify its profit target, it makes no economic sense. Also, it must be measurable. The size and purchasing power of the members of the segments should be known. Finally, the segment should be responsiveness, that is, the market should respond positively to the firms marketing strategies. According to Dibb and Simkin (1997) a range of benefits arise from the market segmentation. First, the process puts customers first, maximizes resources and emphasizes strengths over competitors. Also, it leads to a more focused company culture and the building of inter and intra organizational relationships. According to Beik and Buzby (1973), the concept of market segmentation may be used for strategic alignment of the firm’s product ive capacities with its existing and potential markets. 3. Types of Market Segmentation Market segmentation can generally be classified into 4 broad categories, viz: Geographic, Demographic, Psychological and Behavioural.

The Causes and Effects of Being a Student in a Foreign Country Essay

The Causes and Effects of Being a Student in a Foreign Country - Essay Example It could be that a relative who lives aboard is in need of their assistances. The student therefore will travel to come to the aid of their kin. Not wanting to leave their education aside for the time that they are in that different country, they enroll in school. However, it is not always the case that the family has an issue, sometimes there are positive causes in the family, such as relocation. In the case of relocation the parents of the student might have obtained a job abroad. Then the student would move just to stay with their parents, and end up attending a foreign school as a result. Some of the more depressing reasons that a student might need to study abroad without truly wishing to do so it because of health reasons. The student could become ill and need special medical assistance that they cannot receive in their own country. The student would, therefore have to move where that medical care is provided. Students might also find that they have to study in different countr ies because of financial reasons. ... If fact, it is more common for students to study abroad simply because they choose to than because they had no other choice. For many students, studying in a foreign country is an exciting opportunity. The Effects of Study Abroad Rather the student is studying abroad because of their active decision or because of issues in their life that thy found unavoidable, it is clear that learning in a foreign environment has great benefits for the development of the student’s intellect. As it was reported, â€Å"International educators at either side of the Atlantic have long recognized that college students returning from studying abroad show positive changes† (Hadis, 2003:p.3). Some of the benefits to the student include a greater awareness of global affairs, heightened foreign language acquisition, increased cultural sensitivity, and new experiences. These benefits are becoming more and more important in today’s society, where globalization is being spread at a rapid pa ce. One day, only those who have a better global view will be able to truly be successful. Since students are such because they are seeking to better themselves, it would seem that the opportunity to study abroad is one that no student should pass up on. IT keeps them from having tunnel vision. Overall View of Study Abroad Getting an education is a powerful way to change a person’s life. Getting an education in a country that is not their own is a way of adding even more power to their education. One of the best ways to be a success is to have a diverse set of experiences from which to draw. Studying abroad is a method to gain these experiences. This route of

Research assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research assignment - Essay Example In an attempt to curb Iran’s nuclear program, France, Germany, and Britain persuaded Tehran to abandon its nuclear ambitions in exchange for peaceful civilian energy programs. Under the deal, Iran was to disclose its past nuclear activities, stop enrichment, and ratify additional protocol to the NPT. Tehran accepted the deal and signed the additional NPT protocol in December 2003. It also suspended uranium enrichment in November 2004 in exchange for aid and renewed trade talks. Because the deal appeared to work, America responded by dropping objections on Tehran’s efforts of joining the World Trade Organization. However, in 2005, the agreement broke down following the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Katzman 23). In 2005, Tehran breached the IAEA’s seals by resuming uranium conversion at its Esfahan facility. The move raised concerns about Tehran’s commitment to NPT and also security fears in the region. Because Tehran was no longer committed to the previous agreements, the issue became a great concern to the US. American indeed had some good reasons to worry about security threats from a nuclear-armed Iran. First, president Ahmadinejad pursued an aggressive foreign policy, which was a direct threat to the US interests and its allies in the Middle East. Second, Tehran has links with radical groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah, which it can use to attack the US. Third, there is a considerable risk that Iran could share its nuclear technology with Islamic extremists such as al-Qaeda. Lastly, Iran’s missiles pose a significant threat to the US forces, ships, and allies in the Gulf (Katzman 31). Iran’s nuclear program is still prioritized in the US foreign policy because there is no permanent future deal in place. However, the lection of Hassan Rouhani raised hopes of a new nuclear deal that could limit Tehran’s capability to develop

Florida Shrimp Industry Analysis Essay Example for Free

Florida Shrimp Industry Analysis Essay What if it were logical and profitable to merge two of the fastest growing shrimp industries in the United States today? That is exactly the idea behind â€Å"bait shrimp production†, the latest development in the combined evolution of the valuable live bait shrimp industry and the continual growth arena of aquaculture. Farm-raised bait shrimp is a very appropriate combination of the two businesses; both have a historical development in Florida for over forty years. Florida has been proclaimed the â€Å"Fishing Capital of the World† with its 1,197 statute miles of coastline hosting 3. 4 million anglers annually. The statistics regarding the recreational fishing industry in Florida are astounding. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) reports: †¢The economic value of recreational fishing to Florida is $7.0 billion and supports 75,000 jobs. †¢Recreational fishing is the second largest sports industry in Florida with over 700 world-record fish caught. Live bait shrimp is the nucleus around which evolves Florida’s saltwater sport and recreational fishing. It is the preferred bait for fishing near shore species such as snook, sea trout, redfish, snapper, cobia and mackerel. The business of catching and supplying live bait shrimp began with a few individuals supplying themselves, and a few bait shops in the 1950’s to becoming a multi-million dollar industry with exports throughout the Southeast United States. This growth is a testimony to the pre-eminence of shrimp as the most popular live bait among saltwater anglers in Southeast United States. The message is clear the recreational/sport fishing industry and live bait shrimp are well established in Florida. And their popularity is growing amongst the14 million people (75% living within 10 miles of the coast) and the 40 million tourists who visit each year. Commercial fishermen currently supplying 100% of the bait shrimp market experiences regulatory restrictions, seasonal declines in wild stocks, and unreliable labor causing unpredictable shortages and as such are unable to meet the increase in the market demands. The FWC and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer service reports: †¢As the tourist and recreational fishing industry continues to increase in Florida so will the bait shrimp business. †¢Fishermen love to use live bait shrimp and retailers are always running out of bait before they run out of customers. †¢The retailer wants consistent deliveries of bait shrimp in numbers that will keep the customers walking through the door of their shop †¢Although the fishing effort has increased 50% over the past ten years, the live bait harvesters cannot meet the market demands. This increase in demand without an increase in supplies has resulted in an extremely high dollar value of live bait. This increase in demand, low supply and high dollar value has attracted the attention of shrimp producers. Now for the other half of the combination shrimp aquaculture. As the demand for live bait shrimp has expanded without an increase in supplies, the inevitable has begun to take place culturing Florida’s endemic penaeids for bait size shrimp using hatchery and production technologies developed for other economically important penaeids. Wholesale distributors cannot get adequate supply of bait shrimp certain times; retailers are forced to accept inaccurate counts and variable sizes of wild bait, which they will loose almost 30% in mortalities during the course of the day. Retailers cannot consistently provide the customer with the desired size and often sell â€Å"mixes†. Fishermen are reliant on the seasonal migration, molting periods and life cycles of the natural population; as such they cannot guarantee quality or volume. Shrimp spawn in April/May releasing eggs that move with the tides and currents into estuaries, where they spend their postlarval and juvenile stages before migrating back to deeper waters. Bait size shrimp are virtually impossible to harvest in June, July, and August due to this natural life cycle; and are in short supply September through December. It is the winter months January through April that suppliers, wholesalers and retailers can experience marketable size bait shrimp. However, even during this time period, harvesting of small animals causes immediate stress and holding them in â€Å"live† haul tanks for long distance deliveries results in high mortalities. Enter the growth industry, Aquaculture, dedicated to providing consumers what they need – healthy, quality seafood and aquatic products at market prices. The inability of the fishermen to provide year round live bait shrimp, there is a significant gap supplies. From this lack of product will grow the combination of live bait shrimp and aquaculture— Live Bait, Inc. Live Bait, Inc. will produce bait shrimp is at high densities in enclosed facilities equipped with multi-phase, recirculating systems. Bait size shrimp will be cultured to three variable sizes, (8,10, and 12 grams) to provide the retailer with desired â€Å"mixes†. Bait shrimp production facilities, unlike shrimp boats, can be located through out Florida in high value areas that support a large volume of recreational fishing and tourism. Live Bait, Inc. will focus on providing existing market channels with high quality bait at market prices, in a consistent and reliable manner through out the year. The first bait shrimp production facility is said to have been an offshoot of a Texas AM project developing production systems for Gulf of Mexico endemic shrimp. The species of choice for this area are brown shrimp (F. aztecus) and it is believed that the company, although small scale, Lone Star Fishery, is experiencing continued success. There is a tremendous interest amongst fishermen and wholesale dealers in developing culture systems for bait shrimp. However, once they realize the capital investment and risk involved, they become interested in buying from Live Bait, Inc. The market for live bait shrimp is continuing to grow, especially during the summer when local residents and tourists target inshore species. This year-round demand, unreliable supplies and high dollar value ensures a continued market for this commodity. Industry Participants There are several groups of industry participants, which must come together in order for Live Bait, Inc. to function well. 1.Wholesale Dealers. Everything begins and ends with this customer. Wholesale distributors have established marketing channels and will be buying directly from the production centers. Each production center must first identify the base of the wholesaler from which the high volume, high value business will be drawn. Their attitudes, needs and abilities must be the genesis of each decision in designing the size and location of production facilities. 2.The Nuclear Breeding Center. For long-term sustainable production and the Florida Department of Aquaculture’s support and sanctions; it is imperative that a breeding program for F. duorarum be established from the beginning. Experience has proven the necessity of SPF stocks in minimizing the incidents of diseases and animal stress from high density, mass production. 3.. For Live Bait, Inc to produce, cost-effective, quality bait shrimp it needs outstanding seedstock. Large numbers of seedstock at affordable prices will needed, on a weekly basis in order to maintain the sequential stocking required by multi-phase systems. 4.Management/Production Team. This is the triangulation point where it all comes together. The team must identify the best locations; design the most cost effective facilities and production systems, produce shrimp using state-of-the-science technologies to provide high quality bait shrimp available for daily pickup. Who are the individuals or groups that are likely customers of farm raised live bait shrimp? Fortunately, there are some marketing surveys that have been conducted Florida state agencies, the US Department of Commerce and Mariculture, Inc. that can provide some answers even in this new concept. The target market for Live Bait, Inc. is the wholesale dealer/distributor, who currently is supplied 100% by the bait shrimp fishery. Currently, wholesale dealers either buy dockside from shrimpers and/or they use their own boats. As such they are located within close proximities of bait shrimping boats and not necessarily in the high value tourist areas. Each GLB’s locations will develop its facility, production numbers, sizes and services around the target audience –wholesalers. GLB will target several distinct groups: 1.Wholesalers, which fit the basic demographic characteristics of supplying retailers from great distances. These will be wholesalers who either buy dockside from shrimpers and/or they use their own boats. As such they are located within close proximities of bait shrimping boats, which are in five major regions: Hernando (Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, Pinellas and Manatee) with 47% of total bait shrimp landings; Pine Island (Lee County) with 33% of total bait shrimp landings, Biscayne Bay (Dade and Monroe Counties) with 18% of total bait shrimp landings and Jacksonville (Fernandina Beach) with 2% total bait shrimp landings. Wholesalers will truck live bait shrimp 220 miles from Homosassa to Naples or from Miami, which is 107 miles. Wholesalers from these regions supplying the North-Central East Coast, the Keys and Panhandle will be targeted. 2.Wholesalers who supply retailers dealing in large volumes. For example marinas that sell 275,000 – 300,000 or more bait per day during the winter months and 65,000 – 80,000 per day during the summer months. Volume in these areas severely restricted due short supplies and distance from suppliers. Retailers claim they could sell up to 300% more, if the supply were available. Wholesalers supplying large marinas, high-end fishing piers located in metropolitan areas, and retail bait/tackle stores that promote popular sport fishing tournaments will be targeted. 3.Wholesalers who supply high dollar bait to retailers located in areas support high value recreational/sport fishing and tourism. Wholesale prices for live bait vary considerably with location. For example prices in Pine Island will run $30/1,000 shrimp while in Marco Island and Naples, which is just south of Pine Island, will have prices up to $70/1,000. Wholesalers who supply retailers who are willing to pay the higher market price will be targeted. 4. Wholesalers who are receptive of farm-raised bait and will promote the product among retailers. Currently, an overwhelming majority of retailers accept the idea of farm-raised bait. Most are willing to pay between 50-100% above current prices for farm raised bait as long as the supply is consistent and reliable. Wholesalers who are willing to promote our product, pay premium prices for premium farm raised bait shrimp will be targeted. 5.Wholesalers who are either currently exporting to neighboring states, or who would like to export to other states. Florida Bait shrimp wholesalers export live bait nine months out of the year to different neighboring states. Currently they supply 60% of the Alabama Market, 20% of the South Carolina and 50% of the Georgia market. Wholesalers exporting to other states will be targeted. 6.Bait Brokers dealing in frozen bait are currently importing small frozen shrimp that are severely damaged from outside the United States. The shrimp exotic species, which may or may not be infected with viral diseases. These brokers currently cannot meet the needs of their large contracts such as those with Wal-Mart and Publix. Process them, as most of the brokers also have processing plants. 7.Wholesalers who are supplying retailers whose customers would prefer farm raised bait over wild bait for ecological and environmental reasons. These six primary target groups provide fertile ground for GLB to become a profitable operation within the first year of production. In fact, GLB will become the top producer of farm-raised bait for Florida and the entire southeast coastal corridors. Live Bait, Inc. production centers will be established in key locations through out Florida. The marinas, retail bait shops, bait and tackle shops within a thirty-mile radius will match the demographic target profile – high volume, high market price, pro-farm raised bait, easy assess to interstate highways and are being supplied by wholesalers from great distances. A marketing survey conducted by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service’s, Bureau of Seafood and Aquaculture Marketing has documented annual landings (harvests), volumes of bait sold by retailers, wholesale/retail prices, peak seasonal demands and months of supply shortages. Major harvesting areas are divided Hernando Regions (Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, Pinellas and Manatee) with 47% of total bait shrimp landings; Pine Island (Lee County) with 33% of total bait shrimp landings, Biscayne Bay (Dade and Monroe Counties) with 18% of total bait shrimp landings and Jacksonville (Fernandina Beach) with 2% total bait shrimp landings. Annual Landings report to Florida’s Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission by licensed bait shrimpers in 2000 was 2.46 million pounds (246 million bait size shrimp using a 100/1b count). This is 50% above the reported landings for 1991 of 1.23 million pounds 123 million bait size shrimp using a 100/lb count). Fishery managers feel the harvest numbers are under-reported on trip tickets. And since live bait shrimp is a cash industry sales are not accurately reported. Also not all shrimp caught as live bait is sold as live bait, there are high mortality rates associated with harvesting, holding and transporting. Larger shrimp will often be culled and sold as food. It is likely that the farm production needed to supply current markets will have to be 50% above reported landings to approximately 3.69 million pounds (369 million bait size shrimp using a 100/lb count).